| Portal-frame / industrial building system |
Workshops, warehouses, plants, logistics halls and crane-equipped production buildings |
Regular rectangular bays, repeated frames, efficient fabrication and erection |
Span, eave height, runway load, bracing and cladding must be fixed early; best where the plan repeats. |
Industrial Building System |
| Spatial grid roof |
Airport concourses, stadiums, exhibition halls, terminals and enclosed large-space yards |
Medium-to-long column-free spans, three-dimensional member redundancy and field-bolted nodes |
Deflection, joint detail, member-to-node count and lifting sequence require controlled fabrication; efficient where uninterrupted space matters. |
Spatial Grid Structures |
| Pipe truss / beam-string system |
Curved roofs, long sheds, canopies, public buildings and ultra-long enclosed storage structures |
Curved or lightweight geometry; prestressed or tension-assisted schemes where span demands it |
Connections, camber, cable prestress or thrust control and erection method decide feasibility; not a substitute for an ordinary short-span frame. |
Pipe Truss Structures · Beam-String Systems |
| Modular / multi-story steel building system |
Camps, hotels, residential or mixed-use buildings, process modules and expedited site assembly |
Repetitive units or floors; factory-made members with limited on-site work |
Transport dimensions, module interface, lifting capacity and service routing constrain the design before cost comparison. |
Modular Buildings · Multi-Story System |
| Metal roof / envelope layer |
Weather enclosure, insulation support, drainage and possible BIPV-ready roof assembly |
Applied above a selected primary structure; sized by climate, wind uplift and maintenance access |
The envelope depends on substrate movement, flashing, thermal movement and local wind/snow loads; it should not be selected before the frame scheme. |
Metal Roof Envelope |